![]() This is supposed to prevent abuse of these drugs, however while the unpleasant side effects produced by the atropine may discourage abuse they certainly do not prevent it entirely, and these combination products can be significantly more dangerous than if the opioid was administered by itself. Atropine is sometimes added to other potentially addictive drugs, particularly anti-diahorrea opioid drugs such as diphenoxylate or difenoxin where the secretion-reducing effects of the atropine can also aid the anti-diahorrea effects. Because of the hallucinogenic properties, some have used the drug recreationally, though this is very dangerous and often unpleasant. These latter effects are due to the fact that atropine is able to cross the blood-brain barrier. ![]() Therefore, atropine can be used to reduce the effect of acetylcholine.Īdverse reactions to atropine include ventricular fibrillation, supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, loss of balance, dilated pupils, photophobia, and possibly, notably in the elderly, extreme confusion, hallucinations, and excitation. Some of the nerve gases attack and destroy acetylcholinesterase, so the action of acetylcholine becomes prolonged. Atropine is often used in conjunction with Pralidoxime chloride.Ītropine is given as an antidote to SLUDGE ( Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diaphoresis, Gastrointestinal motility, Emesis) symptoms caused by organophosphate poisoning. However, inhalation of extremely toxic agents may require a direct injection into the heart. Troops who are likely to be attacked with chemical weapons often carry autoinjectors with atropine and obidoxime which can be quickly injected into the thigh. Antidote for organophosphate poisoningīy blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, atropine also serves as an antidote for poisoning by organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases. Even though it has not been officially indicated for either of these purposes by the FDA, it has been used by physicians for these purposes. This can be useful in treating Hyperhidrosis and can prevent the death rattle of dying patients. One of the main actions of the parasympathetic nervous system is to stimulate the M 2 muscarinic receptor in the heart, but atropine inhibits this action.Ītropine's actions on the parasympathetic nervous system inhibits salivary, sweat, and mucus glands. Atropine is contraindicated in ischemia-induced conduction block, because the drug increases oxygen demand of the AV nodal tissue, thereby aggravating ischemia and the resulting heart block. It is usually not effective in second degree heart block Mobitz type 2, and in third degree heart block with a low Purkinje or ventricular escape rhythm. The usual dose of atropine is 0.5 to 1 mg every three to five minutes, up to a maximum dose of 3 mg.Ītropine is also useful in treating first degree heart block, second degree heart block Mobitz Type 1 (Wenckebach block), and also third degree heart block with a high Purkinje or AV-nodal escape rhythm. Atropine blocks that action and therefore may speed up the heart rate. This works because the main action of the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic system on the heart is to slow it down. Injections of atropine are used in the treatment of bradycardia (an extremely low heart rate), asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) in cardiac arrest. Atropine is contraindicated in patients predisposed to narrow angle glaucoma.Ītropine can be given to patients who have direct globe trauma. Atropine induces mydriasis by blocking contraction of the circular pupillary sphincter muscle, which is normally stimulated by acetylcholine release, thereby allowing the radial pupillary dilator muscle to contract and dilate the pupil. The effects of atropine can last up to two weeks. Atropine degrades slowly, typically wearing off in 2 to 3 days, so tropicamide (a shorter-acting cholinergic antagonist) or phenylephrine (an α-adrenergic agonist) are generally preferred as mydriatics. Topical atropine is used as a cycloplegic, to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex and as a mydriatic, to dilate the pupils. ( Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system.) Therefore, it may cause swallowing difficulties and reduced secretions. ![]() This occurs because atropine is a competitive antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. ![]() Generally, atropine lowers the "rest and digest" activity of all muscles and glands regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
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